![]() |
|||||
| About | Archives | Submission Directions | Meeting Calendar | Subscribe | |
![]()
Volume 20, Number 44
Octover 25, 2026
Editor: Matthew R Perry
Co-Editors: Alex Morgan, Mark V. Sykes
Email: pen_editor@psi.edu
X: @pen2tweets
Bluesky: @planetarynews.bsky.social
o-------------------------TABLE OF CONTENTS---------------------------o
1. [NASA] SMD: Current ROSES Remains Open, Next ROSES Late 2026
2. [NASA] SMD: NASA Science Leadership Virtual Town Hall Meeting
Monday, October 26 at 2 pm EDT
3. Call for Papers: AGU Special Collection - "Where to Build a Moon
Base?"
4. Cast your Vote: GSA Planetary Geology Division Secretary-Treasurer
5. PhD Position in Planetary Sciences/Astrobiology - University of
California, Riverside
6. [DPS-58] DPS PWIDE Meet & Greet
7. [DPS-58] DPS Women in Planetary Science (WIPS) Lunch
8. [DPS-58] DPS Student and Early Career Networking Reception
9. [DPS-58] DPS Professional Development Workshop on Journals in
Planetary Science
10. [DPS-58] $50 DPS Meeting Virtual Observer Registration
11. MEPAG Virtual Meeting November 9-10: Agenda and Connection
Information
12. [AGU 2026] Workshop on Finite Element Modeling in Geophysics and
Geoscience
13. Postdoctoral Researcher Positions at the University of Virginia
14. JWebbinar #53: The Optical Constants Database and JWST
15. Postdoc in Mars Icy Deposits and Radar Studies at Smithsonian
National Air and Space Museum
16. Graduate Student / Postdoctoral Researcher Position in Small Body
Science at TU Braunschweig (Germany)
17. Postdoctoral Researcher Positions in Plasma Interactions with Mars
and the Moon
18. Planetary Meeting Calendar Additions
19. Planetary Science Journal - New Papers
20. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets - New Papers
21. Planetary Research - New Papers
Commercial/Fundraising Announcements:
C1. Commercial: Paid, Remote AI Evaluation Work for Planetary
Scientists, Physicists and Astronomers (Part-time, Contract)
o---------------------------------------------------------------------o
1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1
[NASA] SMD: CURRENT ROSES REMAINS OPEN, NEXT ROSES LATE 2026
NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD) traditionally releases
Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences (ROSES), its
umbrella Notice of Funding Opportunity for research grants, on an
annual basis. The current edition was released in July 2025. NASA plans
to release ROSES-27 no later than January 2027.
ROSES-27 will support research addressing fundamental questions about
our planet and the universe, connecting scientific discovery with
exploration. It advances the President's National Space Policy and the
goals outlined through NASA's Ignition, Faster to Science, and Golden
Age of Science initiatives: accelerating discovery, enabling bold
research, and investing in the next generation of scientists. By
engaging the research community in advancing these initiatives, SMD is
creating opportunities to pursue bold ideas, answer fundamental
questions about our planet and the universe, and prepare the next
generation of scientists to carry that work forward.
Questions regarding those individual ROSES-25 program elements should
be directed to the points of contact for those programs. Questions
regarding ROSES generally may be directed to SARA@NASA.gov
[Edited for length]
2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2-2
[NASA] SMD: NASA SCIENCE LEADERSHIP VIRTUAL TOWN HALL MEETING MONDAY,
OCTOBER 26 AT 2 PM EDT
NASA will host a community town hall this coming Monday, October 26,
from 2 to 3 p.m. Eastern Time featuring Dr. Nicola "Nicky" Fox,
associate administrator for the agency's Science Mission Directorate,
and other NASA science leaders. Fox will provide an overview of NASA's
new Competition Model 2.0 (CM 2.0), followed by an opportunity for
participants to ask questions.
Members of the science community, academia, media, and the public are
invited to join the virtual town hall at:
https://tinyurl.com/348hdcus
Participants may submit questions and vote on questions submitted by
others at:
https://nasa.cnf.io/sessions/eawk
Questions will be screened for spam and inappropriate content before
appearing publicly. NASA science leaders will address as many questions
as time allows.
Follow the event, a recording of the town hall will be posted at:
https://science.nasa.gov/researchers/meetings/
Questions regarding this announcement may be directed to Amanda Moore
at amanda.moore@nasa.gov.
3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3
CALL FOR PAPERS: AGU SPECIAL COLLECTION - "WHERE TO BUILD A MOON BASE?"
We invite you to submit manuscripts to an AGU Special Collection titled
"Where to build a Moon base?"
Any evidence that can help mission planners select a site for a future
lunar base is welcome. Relevant topics include but are not limited to
the fields of geology, geophysics, ISRU, habitability, astrobiology,
astrophysics, space weather, and astronomy.
The submission deadline is 31 July 2027.
Please find details of the call on the AGU website:
https://tinyurl.com/2jdjfddh
Relevant manuscripts recently submitted to one of the participating
journals may be added retroactively to the collection upon acceptance
and request.
4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4
CAST YOUR VOTE: GSA PLANETARY GEOLOGY DIVISION SECRETARY-TREASURER
Dear Planetary Geology Division members,
Your participation in our division election process is a great way to
stay involved and help shape the future of our community. We encourage
you to take part and vote for the officer who will represent us in the
coming years.
We invite you to cast your vote today for the new division
Secretary-Treasurer, and make your voice heard.
https://tinyurl.com/4c8aerbx
Deadline: 28 October 2026
For assistance with your member number, please contact GSA at
gsaservice@geosociety.org or +1-303 357-1000 or toll free
+1-800-472-1988. Please remember you may need to clear your cookies
and restart your browser.
Regards,
PGD Management Board
5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5-5
PHD POSITION IN PLANETARY SCIENCES/ASTROBIOLOGY - UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE
The Center for Astrobiology and Analog Worlds at the University of
California, Riverside invites applications for a PhD position studying
the Uranian system. The successful candidate will work with Stephen
Kane and Fabian Klenner to investigate the major icy moons of Uranus as
potential ocean worlds. The research will focus on volatile outgassing
and the evidence it may provide for subsurface oceans, as well as the
dynamical and tidal processes that drive interior heating and surface
activity. The student will work with data from a range of observing
facilities, including high-resolution spectroscopy from the W. M. Keck
Observatory and the MINERVA-Australis array, and will develop the
modeling framework needed to connect these observations to the moons'
interior states. This research directly supports the science case for
NASA's planned Uranus Orbiter and Probe (UOP) flagship mission,
positioning the student at the forefront of ice giant system science in
the lead-up to the mission era. The position offers training spanning
observational astronomy, geophysics, and planetary geochemistry. For
more information, please contact either Stephen Kane (skane@ucr.edu) or
Fabian Klenner (fabiank@ucr.edu).
6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6-6
[DPS-58] DPS PWIDE MEET & GREET
The Planetary Workforce Integration, Development, and Empowerment
(PWIDE) Community Alliance is hosting an informal meet & greet meeting
at DPS on Thursday 11:45 AM to 12:45 PM in room 206C in the Spokane
Convention Center. Please join us to get to know other members of
PWIDE, learn more about our activities, and discussion relevant
workforce topics.
7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7-7
[DPS-58] DPS WOMEN IN PLANETARY SCIENCE (WIPS) LUNCH
Monday 11:45-12:45 PDT in room 206BC and virtual
Interested in engaging in meaningful discussions about career
challenges, opportunities, and experiences? All levels are welcome to
join in at the Women in Planetary Science (WiPS) Networking &
Discussion Event. Our topic for this year will be bystander
intervention and in general how to have hard conversations. You do not
need to identify as a woman to come and to learn professional
development tips for yourself or your colleagues/students.
Pre-registration is requested but not required, so we can get a rough
headcount.
Also, if you want to attend virtually please register so we can send
you the link. Thanks to generous sponsorship from the DPS Committee we
can provide food for the first ~80 registrants! More information and
registration link:
https://tinyurl.com/WiPS-2026
8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8-8
[DPS-58] DPS STUDENT AND EARLY CAREER NETWORKING RECEPTION
Monday 17:00-18:00 PDT in room 100ABC
The DPS Professional Development and Education Subcommittees are
pleased to host a Student and Early Career Networking Reception,
immediately following the Monday afternoon technical sessions, in
Ballroom 100ABC in the open areas between the exhibitor spaces. Team up
to compete in planetary science trivia! There will be an overview of
relevant activities during the week as well as opportunities for
networking with peers and with more established members of the
planetary science and astronomy community. Later-career folks are
invited to attend and network. Refreshments will be served.
9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9-9
[DPS-58] DPS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP ON JOURNALS IN PLANETARY
SCIENCE
Thursday 11:45-12:45 PDT in room 206BC and virtual (contact
kelsi.singer@gmail.com for virtual attendance link)
Join us for an informal discussion session on the various journals that
publish planetary science papers. We will have representatives from the
Planetary Science Journal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Icarus,
the Journal of Geophysical Research - Planets, and the new Planetary
Research journal. We'll discuss topics such as open access, costs,
journal scope, submission process, editorial procedures, and peer
review. Hor d'oeuvres will be served.
10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10-10
[DPS-58] $50 DPS MEETING VIRTUAL OBSERVER REGISTRATION
Reminder that there is a virtual observer (non-presenting) registration
type for the Division for Planetary Sciences meeting next week -
October 25-30. This will allow you to watch the talks and some of the
other events. This registration type is open through October 30. See
all details and the registration form here:
https://aas.org/meetings/dps58/registration
11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11-11
MEPAG VIRTUAL MEETING NOVEMBER 9-10: AGENDA AND CONNECTION INFORMATION
The agenda for the MEPAG Fall Virtual Meeting #20 on November 9-10 is
now available at the link below, with only minor updates expected in
the coming weeks. We're looking forward to updates from NASA and ESA,
plans for upcoming missions including SkyFall, and a variety of reports
from across the community. We are not quite ready to launch the new AG
websites, so please share this meeting announcement widely.
The meeting will be held on Zoom, and will start at different times on
each day:
- November 9: 10 am - 3 pm EST / 7 am - 12 pm PST
- November 10: 12 - 5 pm EST / 10 am - 3 pm PST
Agenda:
https://tinyurl.com/yk8d5wt2
Registration and Connection Info:
https://tinyurl.com/47y6hv2s
Submit Potential Findings and Comments:
https://forms.gle/U6PBfvZ3KS79YKci6
- Briony Horgan (briony@purdue.edu), MEPAG Chair
12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12-12
[AGU 2026] WORKSHOP ON FINITE ELEMENT MODELING IN GEOPHYSICS AND
GEOSCIENCE
If you or your collaborators are interested in learning more about
using the finite element method (FEM) to simulate geophysical and
geological processes, please consider attending our AGU Workshop:
"Finite Element Method Modeling of Geophysical Processes for Earth and
Planetary Science." This workshop will cover FEM basics, the breadth of
geophysical processes that can be simulated with the method, and the
various software and extensions one may wish to use to construct their
own simulations. All skill levels welcome, coffee will be provided.
This workshop will be held on Sunday, 6 December at the Moscone Center,
room 208 from 1:00 PM to 4:30 PM PST. Register for the workshop on the
same AGU portal to register for the main conference.
Workshop contact: ianfpamerleau@cornell.edu
Flyer:
https://tinyurl.com/29wxrcbx
13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13-13
POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER POSITIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
The University of Virginia (UVA) invites applications for multiple
Postdoctoral Research Associate positions as part of the new,
interdisciplinary Interconnected Cosmos Initiative (ICI). ICI brings
together astronomy, physics, chemistry, environmental sciences,
engineering, and partners such as the National Radio Astronomy
Observatory (NRAO) to tackle major questions in modern planetary
science, astrophysics, astrochemistry, and cosmology. Each Postdoctoral
Research Associate will have two mentors whose primary appointments
cross departments or institutions. Prospective applicants interested in
planetary surface processes are encouraged to contact Prof. Ajay Limaye
(ajay@virginia.edu) in the Department of Environmental Sciences to
discuss potential interdisciplinary collaborations.
All positions will be based at UVA in Charlottesville, Virginia, and
will begin with an initial one-year appointment, with the expectation
of annual renewal up to three years, contingent upon satisfactory
performance and the availability of funding.
For further information and to apply, see the job posting at:
https://tinyurl.com/ebfcwyct
14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14-14
JWEBBINAR #53: THE OPTICAL CONSTANTS DATABASE AND JWST
Please join us for a James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) webinar
(JWebbinar) dedicated to the Optical Constants database (OCdb) and its
use in PICASO and VIRGA models to analyze and interpret JWST
observations of brown dwarfs and exoplanets. This JWebbinar will be
presented by Ella Sciamma-O'Brien, Lora Jovanovic, Sarah Moran, and
James Mang.
The JWebbinar is scheduled for Wednesday November 4, 8-10 a.m. (PST)
and is organized by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI).
Register by October 29 at:
https://tinyurl.com/v497rx25
The Optical Constants database (https://ocdb.smce.nasa.gov), developed
at NASA Ames, centralizes published optical constants of materials
relevant to (exo)planetary and astrophysical environments, making them
more accessible to the community.
This JWebbinar will provide:
1) a demo of the OCdb website: how to search the database content,
utilize its online tools for simple analyses, and download data;
2) how to use OCdb data in the PICASO (https://lnkd.in/grvYG4Gc) and
VIRGA (https://lnkd.in/geWHaCnn) models to analyze and interpret
JWST observations of brown dwarfs and exoplanets.
In this hand-on session, there will be time for participants to ask
questions, discuss OCdb and exoplanet/brown dwarf-related topics, and
provide input on next steps for OCdb.
[Edited for length]
15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15-15
POSTDOC IN MARS ICY DEPOSITS AND RADAR STUDIES AT SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL
AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM
The Smithsonian Institution, National Air and Space Museum (NASM),
Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (CEPS) in Washington, DC
welcomes applications for a postdoctoral position.
Research areas for the position include:
- Quantifying surface roughness of ice-related landforms across Mars.
- Geomorphic and SHARAD radar analyses of layering in the south polar
layered deposits.
- Study methods to improve co-registration of crossing SHARAD tracks
for increased SNR and geologic analysis.
- Characterize volcanic stratigraphy in the lunar South Pole-Aitken
basin using VNIR spectral and morphometric observations.
Applicants must demonstrate experience in analysis of Earth or
planetary datasets. A background in quantitative terrestrial or
planetary geology and experience with geographic information systems
analysis of imaging and topography are desired.
This is a full-time position in Washington, DC with benefits. The
Smithsonian Institution is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
More details and application process here:
https://tinyurl.com/4b8dfcms
Application deadline is 5:00 pm EDT on October 29, 2026.
For questions, email Jenny Whitten (whittenjl@si.edu).
16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16-16
GRADUATE STUDENT / POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER POSITION IN SMALL BODY
SCIENCE AT TU BRAUNSCHWEIG (GERMANY)
The Institute of Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics at the TU
Braunschweig is seeking to fill a three-year researcher position (100%
FTE, suitable to work towards obtaining a PhD degree) in research on
small Solar System objects. Details of the position can be found here:
https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/en/igep/job-posting
17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17-17
POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHER POSITIONS IN PLASMA INTERACTIONS WITH MARS AND
THE MOON
The Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Iowa is
searching for postdoctoral research scientists to analyze solar wind
plasma data from MAVEN at Mars and THEMIS-ARTEMIS and Lunar Vertex at
the Moon. The successful candidate will work in collaboration with
Prof. Jasper Halekas and other scientists and engineers at the
University of Iowa, as well as team members from other institutions.
Duties will include conducting original scientific research focused on
plasma interactions with Mars and the Moon, communicating results to
the community through publications and talks, and preparing for future
missions.
Applicants should submit a curriculum vita, list of publications, a
brief statement of research experience and interests, and a list of
three professional references through the Jobs@UIOWA website. Review of
applications will begin November 6, 2026 and will continue until the
position is filled. The position is intended to start as soon as
December 2026.
For details, please visit:
https://jobs.uiowa.edu/postdoc/view/4697
18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18-18
PLANETARY MEETING CALENDAR ADDITIONS
Note: Many face-to-face meetings going forward will have online
components. Check their websites for details.
Posted at https://planetarynews.org/meetings.html
June 5-11, 2027
International Planetary Probe Workshop & Short Course
https://ippw2027.org/
Glasgow, UK
July 3-12, 2027
Nano, Bio, Green & Space Technologies for a Sustainable Future
https://tinyurl.com/yzz4ppf6
Albena, Bulgaria
September 12-16, 2027
From Technology to Discovery: The Road to the Habitable Worlds
Observatory
https://conference.ipac.caltech.edu/hwo2027/
Pasadena, CA
November 8-12, 2027
The Right of Seeing the Stars: Toward Sustainable Astronomy in the
2050s
https://www.eso.org/sci/meetings/2027/sustainableastronomy.html
Garching, Germany
19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19-19
PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL - NEW PAPERS
Direct Links to Open Access Papers
Editor, Brian Jackson
https://psj.aas.org
Thrust Faulting and the Late-stage Contraction of the Moon
T. R. Watters et al. 2026 PSJ 7:239
https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ae9eae
Rethinking Regolith Strength: Why Nonlinearity Matters on Small Bodies
Naomi Murdoch 2026 PSJ 7:240
https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/aeaa37
A Search for Persistent Rotational Modulation in the Dedicated TESS
Observations of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS
Pulat Tadjimuratov 2026 PSJ 7:241
https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/aeac2c
20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20-20
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: PLANETS - NEW PAPERS
Direct Links to Open Access (OA) Papers
Editors-in-Chief, Amanda Hendrix & Debra Buczkowski
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21699100
Distal Rays and Secondary Craters of the Tycho Impact Event Revealed
Through Deep Learning
G. Magnarini et al.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JE009890
Optical Depths of Dust Devils Observed in Gale Crater, Mars
G. Bischof et al.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JE009780
Fossilised Pioneer Microbialite Communities on Basaltic Substrates at
Lake Ashenge (Tigray, Ethiopia): A Model for Ecosystems in
Noachian-Hesperian Martian Lakes?
Keyron Hickman-Lewis et al.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JE009840
Experimental Aeolian Abrasion of Basalt Sands as an Analog for
Producing Martian Dust
Steven M. Adams & Gerilyn S. Soreghan
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE009494
Experimental Shock Metamorphism of Zircon, Apatite, and Whitlockite
From 5 to 40 GPa
K. A. Cone et al.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2026JE009701
Ceres' Salty Ices: Sublimation-Driven Evolution From Water Ice
Exposures to Na-Carbonate Deposits
V. V. Kachmar & B. L. Ehlmann
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE009421
Quantifying Water Ice in Regolith Mixtures via Infrared (1.2-2.5 um)
Reflectance Model Parametrization
V. V. Kachmar & B. L. Ehlmann
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE009415
NH4-Smectites as Potential Precursors of Nitrogen Compounds Evolved
During Analyses by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Instrument on the
Curiosity Rover
S. Andrejkovicova et al.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE009610
21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21-21
PLANETARY RESEARCH - NEW PAPERS
Direct Links to Diamond Open Access Papers
Editor-in-Chief, Mark A. Wieczorek
https://planetary-research.org
No new papers this week.
C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1-C1
COMMERCIAL: PAID, REMOTE AI EVALUATION WORK FOR PLANETARY SCIENTISTS,
PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS (PART-TIME, CONTRACT)
Institution: AITraining.jobs, a job board for paid AI-training work;
each role links to the company that hires.
Location: Remote, United States (open to US residents).
AI developers pay physicists and astronomers by the hour, remotely, to
write hard problems in their field and check the reasoning in AI
models' answers. On 23 October 2026, 44 such roles were open to US
residents on 19 platforms, with stated top rates up to $400 an hour,
among them Research Scientist, Computer Science & Computational
Physics (micro1, $100 to $400 an hour), Physics Expert, PhD / Postdoc
(micro1, $100 to $200) and Computational Physics & Astrophysics
Researcher (AfterQuery, $100). Hours are set by each project. Faculty,
employees and students on F-1, J-1 or H-1B status should check their
institution's or employer's rules on outside work first.
Roles and how to apply:
https://tinyurl.com/46u8vkp9
Contact: Jonah, hello@aitraining.jobs
***********************************************************************
* The Planetary Exploration Newsletter is issued approximately weekly.
* Current and back issues are available at https://planetarynews.org
*
* To subscribe, go to https://planetarynews.org and click on Subscribe.
*
* An unsubscribe option is available at the end of every PEN email. Or
* send an email to pen_editor@psi.edu
*
* Please send all replies and submissions to pen_editor@psi.edu.
* Announcements and other messages should be brief with links to URLs
* for extended information, including detailed descriptions for job
* announcements. Title plus text is limited to 200 words. Go to
* https://planetarynews.org/submission.html for complete submission
* directions.
*
* PEN is a service provided by the Planetary Science Institute
* (https://www.psi.edu) using no NASA funds. All editorial work is
* volunteer.
***********************************************************************